Every level costs a fixed amount of EXP. The whole table comes out of three short formulas, which is how the only question that matters at the keyboard gets answered: how many of this do I have to kill.
Assumes full EXP on every kill and nothing else contributing — no quests, no rest, no events.
Below 50 each level costs between 1.08 and 2.76 times the one before it, so progress is lumpy. From 51 the multiplier locks at 5.48% and never moves — which doubles roughly every 13 levels.
A fifth and sixth member still clear the map faster. They do not raise the rate.
The cap. No maximum level has been announced. The table stops at 100 because that is as far as anyone is known to have climbed, not because anything blocks you there.
The death penalty. Not confirmed for this server. Pre-Big-Bang MapleStory took a share of the current level's requirement, scaled by level, but the value here has not been verified — so no figure is given rather than a plausible one.